RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR BATUNGOS OF BOMBE BAKUUNDU

            'BASONGO' HUNTERS OF BAKUNDU HERITAGE IN PRE-COLONIAL BOMBE BAKUNDULAND(CAMEROON)

Betombo Jenkins Diomo

Jenkinsdiomo@gmail.com

+23671466329

University of Buea. Faculty of Arts, Department of History.

Abstract

The research is all about 'Basongo' Hunters of the Bakundu Heritage in Pre-Colonial Bombe Bakunduland(Cameroon). This research drained the systems, trends, rituals, and ceremonies performed by the hunters in enforcing hunting expeditions. The activities of the hunters in ensuring social and economic development and growth in the community will also be drained alongside the recessions confronted with possible attempteed remedies enacted by the hunters during their expeditions and other activities. Primary and Secondary materials were utilised to brandish the historical justifications of social cohesiona and existence in the lod traditional setting before colonialism.  The source strigently justified that there was a formidable relationship and co-existence between the hunters and nature and forces of nature. This set the main argument that Cameroon(Africa) had a well nourished historical contents and contexts and not only the actions of the West. This is visible in the historical facts and evidences dished out to justify the social cohesions and relations that existed within the Bakundus and also with the environment and nature.

Keywords: hunter, hunting, heritage, basongo, traps, rituals, ceremonies, expeditions, weapons, witchcraft, systems, innovaions and mechanisms, Pre-Colonial.

 Introduction

            There are many diverse notions and intentions concerning the interpretation of revealed indegenouse facts of the old Bakundu order. The old ways is what we can enhance as the old order since the centuries have shadowed in diverse views and trends of handling, interpreting, and diagnosing of evidential ingridients of the Bakundu tradition and culture. The Bombe Bakundu culture tremendously reiterates the minful and beautiful life circle and cycle undergone by men and women of an African oreinted society (Pre-Colonial Cameroon).  The society of Bombe Bakundu at thhis period revealed the indepth spectrum on the norms and nucran cranics of natural life, vergin environment and human relations. The system through which the Bakundus operated their economic life painted the picture which unvealed the specialised disciplines and wards dominated by the individuals.  Some Bakundus specialised in fishing, hunting, poetry, mining, and others. The most well celebrated in spritual and physical term was the hunting department.

            The communities of the Bakunduland existed in the midst of plenty as mmost of their concerntration was to ulitise the provisions of mother nature to the fulfilment of their bellies. Many specialised disciplines of heritage loins emerged and maintained the legacy of their predecessors. The provision of beef and hides in abundance placed the commuities at the center of commercial activities. Many other communities of diverse origins fluct into the centers for the purpose of beef. This enhanced the massive development and growth in trade and infrastructure since shades were constructed. However, the act of hunting actually gingered the development in the iron industry. This was because; many hunting equpements like spears, iron traps and axes were forged in diverse shapes and sizes. In this line, the craft industry equllay exploded with the production of wooden traps known as box traps.

            The activities of the Bakundu 'Basongo' unraveled the ancient traditional order of the ancestral realms. This actually emblazoned the optimistics that forces of science beyond materials were utilised to aggrandise innovationa and mechanisms in the provision of hides and meat for household and comunity diets.Many neighbouring communities of the Bakundu origin have been the noticed of establishing favourable nourished diets from natural provisions. The Bakundu hunters were known for various noticable natural and invented strategies impinged to mantain the chain meat supplying network. The pre-colonial society of Bakunduland has existed in natural principles and policies.The economic and social activities of the inhabitants gingered the researcher to sample the specific socio-economic activity of hunting in the forest covering the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve Area in the 21st century Cameroon. The traditional hunting in the old ways and order strigently pin-point the focus of the research been, The Basongo'hunters' of the Bakundu Heritage in Pre-colonial Cameroon.

Statement of the Problem

            The research uneveils the hidden knowledge in the traditional old formats and orders which hunters performed their activities in the Pre-Colonial setting. The non-documentation of this astonishing activity which had a social and economic impact to the develepment and growth of the Pre-Colonial societies of the Bakunduland have brandished the lapses in historical knowledge. This research seeks to bring into lamp light the historical facts and evidence to justify the innovative activities of hunters and their impact to the welfare of the Bakundu communties.

Objectives of the Research

The general objective is to digest the social and economic activities of hunters of the Bakundu heritage in Pre-Colonial society. The specific objectives include;

To examine the traditional setting of the Bakunduland in the Pre=Colonial setting

To examine the position of the hunters in the social and economic affairs of the Bakunud societies in the Bakunduland

To examine the ancient systems adopted by the Bakunndu hunters to harvest and pursure their end products

To examine the innovation and mechanism utilised the Bakundu hunters in hunting game and provision of beef to the local commmunities and beyond

To analyse the contributions made the Bakundu hunters in household and community welfare

To examine the criteria and equipements utilised by the Bakundu hunters in the hunting process of game

To examine traditional rituals, strategies and ceremonies made and used by hunters in the Bakunduland

To examine the indepth ideology of the qualifications and traditional processes to become a Bakundu hunter in the Pre-Colonial setting

To examine the damages made to the ecosystem through the activities of the hunters

To examine the efforts made by the hters to preserve the forest and limit risk of disappearance and over exploitations.

Relevance of the Research

            The research brings into lamplight the traditional modes in conducted during the hunting expeditions in ancient Bakunduland. This will be of priority to the African continent in revealing hidden justifications not taken into recognissance. The essentials will brandish the prerequisites utilised by the ancient hunters to conduct hunting expeditions with main objectives of conforming to the demands of household welfare, traders and community dealers of all types and kinds.  In this plaform, Cameroon and Africa in general are broacasting their tradititonal and culturers values of the ancient order before Western intrusion and distabilisations of existing norms, forms, and practises.

            The performance of the Pre-Colonial inhabitants in the ancient setting have strigently exposed the hidden verdicts and truth in the squashing of historical facts and evidence of the existence of  Cameroon and African History. Diagnosing and digesting the historical contents and context within which the historical operations commenced. The broadcast of the facts and evidence in societal happenings in the domain of social affairs. The research explore the world of life in the forest hhonouring the quest to conform to the provision of beef.

            The research also brandished the inner mindsets in social cohesions and relationbetween inahbitants of the ancient order and nature. This will unveil the cultural and traditional happenings and priorities of the Bakundu ethnic group. This will unraveled the historical justifications of the multicultural identity of the Cameroon nation. The cultural nature of the Cameroon nature pin points the arguments that the old society enjoyed the provisions of mother nature and performed several rites to appreciate the forces enforcing the happenings in the environment . The research also setforth the degree of natural social affairs and actions in hunting in the wild.

            The research equally served as the framework of historical content and context of cultural heritage in the generational priorities of the Bakundu ethnic group. The actvities of the inhabitants actually painted the picture of the roots of the rapid growing Bakundu generation from ancient epoch. This sense of identity emblazoned the platform of expertise which existed in the Pre-Bakundu sociey. Upholding the traditional rites and duties governing the ethnic groups has been the priorities of the future generations. Such archival remnants showed the broad spectrum of the old ways and trends of service rendering. The Bakundu ethnic group will therefore possess the responsiiblities of maintaining the old traditional order as the base and bedrock of the ethnic existence.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Scope and Delimitation

Geographically, the research is limited to Bombe Bakundu in the Bakunduland. In the Bakunduland which is divided in to geographical sections(lower and upper), Bombe Bakundu is found in the lower section which is located in Mbonge Sub-Division, Meme Division, of the South West Region of Cameroon. The Bombe Bakundu municipality is bounded by Banga Bakundu to the north, Mbalngi Ekombe to the south, Bopo and Pete Bakundu to the west and kaka Bokoko to the east. Meanwhile on the historical scope, specific epochs were used to unfold the manifestations of the events that characterised the work. 

Based on the historical scope, the research in terms of time frame covered the period before Colonialism. This was chosen because; it was around this time that hunters of Bombe Bakundu started intensive expeditions in hunting and provided the much needed labour and responsibi9lities to household and community needs. This epoch remained significant because; it was around this period that the hunters were recognised to be associates and partners of the household welfare, economic development and growth of the rural and national community in respect to ensuring sustainability. This period saw the mechanisms of the hunters in their economic activities in the community.

In the period before Colonialism, the hunters of Bombe Bakundu operated their hunting expeditions, and other economic activities with the use of primary methods for instance, the hunters made small traps with woods to fetch animals of all kinds and types such as monkey, pythons, igwana, and antelopes. This was done around the forest before their products were transferred to their residence. The hunters known to be dominated by men were noticed of been the bread winners, who provided for the families, communities, national and international economies. his era before Western Intrusion also, marked a turning point in the experimentation of (food) by the hunters. New and improved methods in hunting expeditions have appraised the production of meet(food) products to kombat the rapid growing food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty included the application of new innovations to boast production. Such transformations inproved on the level of beef production to the extent that the local market could not absorb the quantity of  wild productions (meat production). This paved the way for intensive external trade.

Huge number traders came to the local market every market day with the intension of purchasing and other products in huge quantities for their markets elsewhere in the country. This however, unraveled the hunters efforts to shape the rural and national economies with new breeds. The hunting activities in Bombe Bakundu exposed concepts such as welfare, production, transformation, commercialisation, development, labour and many others. These concepts described the activities of the hunters of Bombe Bakundu in their strived to enhance changes and continuity recorded over the years within the time frame and delimitation.

In terms of delimitation, the research would have loved to include the entire communities of the Bakunduland, but the work only includes the Bombe Bakundu municipality. This is because; the municipality severed as the center of economic activities in the entire Bakunduland with the production of intensively performed. Other Bakundu communities like Mabonji, kake Bongwana and Bokoko, Nake Bongwana and Bokoko did not engage in intensive production and so, did not provide the relevant information on the activities of the women. But, informations that were found relevant in some Bakundu communities like Banga Bakundu were depicted with guidance from literatures.

Literature Review

Teke Johnson Takwa, Differences between the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Male and Female Household Heads and their Households in Cameroon (Yaounde, Cameroon: BUCREP, 2002)1-20. This work examined the parameters that determined the structures which characterised the male and female headed households in Cameroon. The author examined the characteristics of male and female headed households which made them distinct and operational and manageable in a completely diverse strategy with diverse consequences on the households and community. The work is relevant to the current research in that, it dealt with different strategies and decisions implemented by the hunters in order to provide for the family and manage the household. The current research remain relevant in that, it consumed and exposed the important skills of the hunters of Bombe Bakundu in ensuring household  welfare, economic development and growth of the rural and national economies.

            Bame Nsamenang, Fathers, Families, & Child Well-Being in Cameroon:A Reviewof the Literature,(Bamenda, Cameroon: National Center on Fathers and Families, 2000),p.1-17.  This work digested arguments set forth by other writers to justify their view points on the role performed by men as fathers to ensure family economic development and well being in Cameroon. The author examined the diverse activities enforced and encouraged by the parents to ensure better living conditions for their families from different viewpoints and arguments. The work is relevant to the current research as it brought forth synthesised justifications of the relevance of fathers in battling for families well being. The current research is different and innovative in that ,it did not only digest the activities of  the men as fathers to ensure better living standard but also the role of the hunters of Bombe Bakundu in kombating rural poverty, malnutrition and food insecurity which affects the well being of children and families.

            Brian A. Bartelt, “Healers and Witches in Oku: An Occult System of Knowledge in Northwest Cameroon”. Published M.A Dissertation, University Of Southern California, December 2006, p.20-41.  This work examined the natural force operating behind and beneath human minds and existence from an anthro-phylosophyical perspective. The author digested relevant issues of the manifestations of natural plants and occult orders in rendering natural and spiritual services. The work is relevant to the current research as it dished out the importance of vocational training in using natural plants to remedy natural inflictions and predicaments. The current research is different but remains relevant in that, it exposed the potentials and abilities of the hunters to use natural creations to remedy spiritual and natural inflictions not as witches but as traditional healers in the bid to ensure healthy living in the Bombe Bakundu community

Joseph Ebune Betoto, “Missionary Activity in Bakunduland, Cameroon, 1873-1960: An Historical Appraisal”. Global Advanced Journal, 2(5), 2012, p. 6 -14. The work gave an appraisal of the economy of Bombe Bakundu which was mainly agriculturally orientated. In this work, the author analysed the different farming techniques introduced by the European missionaries to the farmers in order produce food products to feed the Christian population. The work is relevant to the current research as it addresses some of the farming techniques used by the hunters in the labour donation system which characterised the society. The current is different and relevant in that it provides an appraisal of the economic history, the strengths of hunting techniques and cooperation labour organisations put in place by the hunters in order to ensure family and society sustainability.

            Joseph B. Ebune, “Colonial Rule and Bakundu Traditional Authority”. International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS, 1,(2), 2015, P. 10-16. This work centered arguments on the nature and structure of Bakundu traditional administration. The author examined the trends with which the Bakundu traditional authority operated on the German colonial rule after annexation with specific emphasis on the political organs activities in managing the socio-economic and political affairs of the communities. The work is relevant to the current research as it reiterates the ways through which the traditional authority managed the affairs of their subjects while providing the nature of the traditional economy over the decades. The current research remains relevant as it examined the main economic and political activities of the hunters in their struggle for socio-economic and political analyses and also household and community development.

Timothy Musima Okia, “Social Developments in Bakundu during German Colonial Rule in Cameroon: 1884-1914”.Przeglad Zachodni, 1, 2014,P.179-188. The work examined the degree of developments in the social domain and the relations between the Bakundus and the German officials and administration. The author sampled issues concerning education and the Christian religion which were the essential elements of missionary activities in the Bakunduland. The work is important to the current research as it digest aspects relating to the Christian religion which shaped minds towards the ways of good deeds while abandoning other negative social ills. The current research is relevant as it set forth the impact of the hunters Christian faith and religion to the young generation in the quest to build a favourable civil society free from negative socio-economic and political setbacks.

Ewane Basil Ewane, Ewane Bertrand Olome and Heon-Ho Lee, “Challenges to Sustainable Forest Management and Community Livelihoods Sustenance in Cameroon: Evidence from the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve in Southwest Cameroon”. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8,(9), 2015, P.226-239.This work targeted livelihoods of the inhabitants in the Bakunduland around government reserved areas (forest). The author set forth justifications of the local inhabitants depending on the forest for wood, beef, and agriculture. The massive increase in population was digested as a means to through which forest reserved suffer from massive deforestation in the quest for arable land. The work is relevant to the current research as it sampled evidence of hunters who ventured in to the forest in order to increase their hunting and agricultural spheres. The current research is relevant as it unraveled the mechanisms put in place by the hunters to guarantee and prevent damages to ecosystem such as conservation and preservation.

Betombo Jenkins Diomo, “Rural Women in Agricultural Food Crop Production in Bombe Bakundu, 1982-2012”. Unpublished Long Essay, University Of Buea, 2015,p.13-53. This work examined the level with which rural women got involved in food crop production for their households and the rural community. The author sampled arguments on essence that rural providers that have tremendously impacted the households and community with their outstanding performances in their roles as social and economic agents and stakeholders of household welfare and community development. The work is relevant to the current research as it dealt with issues relating to hunter's economic and social manifestations for economic development. The current research is different but remains relevant as it also provided recommendations for the improvement of women’s status in their goals for sustainable development and growth. These literatures examined served as sources utilised by the researcher in the work.

Sources and Methodology

Sources

This research made use of primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included oral interview, letters, manuscripts, speeches, minutes, and archival materials. The secondary materials comprised published articles and books not leaving out published materials like dissertations.

Primary sources constitute first hand materials such as interview which provided information for the garri women activities. Other primary sources like, letters, manual documentations, and archival material have been used as the researcher visited the Buea National Archives and the Presbyterian Church Archives for related information and documents about the activities of the garri women. Secondary sources like books, articles, published and unpublished dissertations and working papers or documents of conferences obtained from the University of Buea Library and some libraries of other institutions like, Kumba Town Public Center,  “CEFAM”, the Meme Divisional Delegation of Small and Medium Enterprise of the Ministry Of Small And Medium Size Enterprise. And also the Buea Road Area Farmers Cooperative Union, with the Bombe Bakundu Village Barn and other personal libraries and internet. These sources were consumed with diverse methods in the work.

Methodology

The research utilised the qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative study was done in the form of a field work with in depth interview to gain an understanding of the interconnections and get a personal insight into the context of importance for analysis and conclusion. In conducting the field study of great importance, observations that were at times difficult to capture through literature such as body movements, language, expressions, feelings and the context under which the interview was conducted were taken into consideration. It also provided an opportunity to gain an insight into and experiences of the present-day Bombe Bakundu society, thus, obtaining a reference frame work to the Cameroon history of Women Affairs and their contributions to rural and national development and growth.

Interview guides and questionnaires were the principal instruments used for data collection. Both research instruments complimented each other, while the interviews provided an overview of the conditions of women in their activities in the Bombe Bakundu community where the study has been carried out. The questionnaires concentrated on a survey in this particular locality even though the interviews were absolutely necessary to get information from a population, which was barely literate, and sometimes, not readily willing to speak out on certain issues and occasions.

Based on the outcomes from a preliminary survey carried out in the area under study by the researcher, the interviews were conducted with randomly selected garri women in the locality of Bombe Bakundu. No particular numbers of garri women were targeted but the interviews were conducted to anyone who was willing to participate in the survey in the locality. However, the researcher noticed that there exist female and male headed homes under four categories of garri women in the area under study based on their trends of responds in the manner in which their activities were been performed. These constitute, married women, divorced, widowed and wed locked. The researcher also noticed that one general outcome of the field study was that all the women who lived and are still living in Bombe Bakundu were women.

The interviews were conducted as semi-structured individual interviews. An interview guide was used, but the questions were also memorised in advance so that an open conversation was created where the respondent could feel comfortable. The questions were not raised in a specific order, but the direction of the conversation was made to lead how the questions were forwarded. Certain flexibility has been obtained during the conversation so that additional questions could be added according to the respondent’s answer. The interviews were conducted as a discussion/conversation and, if the respondent did agree, the interviews were also recorded even though hand writing of major facts was taken down. Interview responses were analysed to see how they corresponded with the objective for the research.

            The research was also quantitative as the researcher made use of statistics and data presentation to elaborate on transitions and continuities of the garri women activities and out puts. The utilisation of this brand of method was intended to make the study vividly plausible using an inter-disciplinary mode as it cuts across other disciplines like economic, mathematics, and sociology. This made the researcher to work with the experts in the various disciplines of interest. Such wide range provided the bases with which information flew for the organisation of the research work.

Oganisation of the Research

            The research entitled 'Basongo'Hunters of Bakundu Heritage in Pre-Colonial Cameroon has several episodes to historical elaborate and justify the trends of the aocial activity of hunting in the Pre-Colonial environmental settings. The research has seven chapters excluding the Introduction and Conclution.The First Chapter deals with an Explanation of Relevant Terms and Frameof Analysis.  This will drain the ancient and modern framework of operations while providng readers with indepth knowledge on the paths of the research. In this domain, several terms such as 'Basongo', 'Batongo', Heritage, Hunting, Hunters, and Pre-Colonial. The Second Chapter actually deals with the Traditional Mode of Hunting Expeditions in respect to the old order fashion. This will argue on the systems and innovations utilised by the hunters of the Bakundus in performing their social and economic specialised activities.  The Third Chapter sampled the Rituals and Fortifications Upon Hunting Expeditions in Bombe Bakunduland. Digging the kinds and types of traditional rites washed on the body of the hunters before the hunting expeditions is carried out. The Forth Chapter will drained the activity of Hunting in Broad Day Light  and Under the Cover of Darkness in Bombe Bakunduland.

            The Fifth Chapter will deal with the Ceremonies of Honours After Hunting Expeditions in Bombe Bakunduland. This will brandish the historical forms and formats in traditional celebrations in honour of the provisions of nature and the forces of nature. The Sixth Chapter targets the Role of the Hunters in fostering Economic and Social Development and Growth in the Bombe Bakunduland. This is wash down the contributive activities of the hunters in ensuring positive social and economic welfare in households and community. The Seventh Chapter will wash down the Obstacles and Attempted Remedies Confronted and Enacted by the Hunters in their Hunting Expeditions in the Bombe Bakunduland. To conform to the  mind blowing procedures of research. a Conclusion will be the final chapter of concern. This will retrace the reseach intentions and amtions to comform to the better understanding of the entire chapters of the research. The theoretical and conceptual frame-work of the research will provide an indepth understanding into the activities of the hunters in the Bakunduland.

Ethical Consideration

            This research will drained the innate ideological concerns of the inhabitants of the Bombe Bakaunduland. The researcher will involved all the vissitudes of moral and educational ethics. The informations derived from informants will be drained with confidence and ethical insentives. This will concieved better co-existence among researchers and the informants. The research did not jeopardise the reputation of the hunters in the society as it addresses issues to avoid negative implications on the status of the hunters who were also regarded as donors. The issues of the research were evaluated from the perspective of the women in order to clarify controversial views, which were and are conceived between the intellectuals and the inhabitants of the community which may create discontention and problems. The researcher equally signed some documents of permission and recognition with the informants in the direction of granting the researcher access to publish the information obtained coupled with their identifications. This was done in order to prevent misconceptions and quarrels from the informants. Thereby, obtaining an authorisation of guarantee and safety.

The researcher equally made use of patience and humbleness to address and explain aspects of gender perspectives. This was to evade confusing conceptions and problems which characterised some households in the community. The researcher brought to the informants interpretations of some information obtained from them for better understanding in their mindsets.  This however, exposed social cohesion between the men and the women informants in the community. The information obtained from the informants was not treated with any notion of bias as there were diverse perspectives through which the informant views were cajoled. The researcher was critical and careful in analysing the data obtained from the informants. This was to avoid the flow of confrontations and exercise of authority between the men and the women informants, which often led to the boiling and eruption of sex based views much to the detriment of each other. The researcher tried to be cautious and respect ethical values in conducting the research grabbing of information from the informants in the community.

Time Plan

The research had as mindset to cover the period from July to November with write ups commencing from December. The researcher organised the research work from Chapter One to Seven. This Chapters will be drained in respect to the duration pushed unto the researcher by the journals. The research will confrom to the corrections and remunerations of the work. The writing process will also characterised by a series of research and verifications of the data obtained. Clarifications, updating, and other pertinent issues relating to the work were always reflected. Some means of clarification was through phone calls that the researcher made frequently to the informants in order to analyse the facts more appropriately.

Conclusion

            The research was all about the Basongo meaning Hunters of the Bakundu Heritage in Pre-Colonial Bombe Bakunduland(Cameroon). The reserach deals with issues of relevant heritage of the Bakundus in their traditional and cultural milieu. Diagnosing and digesting the systems, trends , ceremonies and significances of the hunters and their hunting expeditions to the social and economic welfare of the households and the community remained the priority of historical justifications in a bid to debunck Eurocentrism. This research utilised primary and secondary sources to add more meaning and discover the contents and context through which hunting was performed in the old orders and ways in the ancient traditional settings. The general conclusion set forth the argument that the traditional settings in ancient Bakunduland witnessed wonderful co-existence and relations between the inhabitants and nature. Nature and its forces provided the munch needed desire of the Bakundus and guided them in obtaining the provisions in the wild.

REFERENCES

Teke Johnson Takwa, Differences between the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Male and Female Household Heads and their Households in Cameroon (Yaounde, Cameroon: BUCREP, 2002)

            Bame Nsamenang, Fathers, Families, & Child Well-Being in Cameroon:A Reviewof the Literature,(Bamenda, Cameroon: National Center on Fathers and Families, 2000).

            Brian A. Bartelt, “Healers and Witches in Oku: An Occult System of Knowledge in Northwest Cameroon”. Published M.A Dissertation, University Of Southern California, December 2006.

            Joseph Ebune Betoto, “Missionary Activity in Bakunduland, Cameroon, 1873-1960: An Historical Appraisal”. Global Advanced Journal, 2(5), 2012.

            Joseph B. Ebune, “Colonial Rule and Bakundu Traditional Authority”. International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS, 1,(2), 2015.

Timothy Musima Okia, “Social Developments in Bakundu during German Colonial Rule in Cameroon: 1884-1914”.Przeglad Zachodni, 1, 2014.

            Ewane Basil Ewane, Ewane Bertrand Olome and Heon-Ho Lee, “Challenges to Sustainable Forest Management and Community Livelihoods Sustenance in Cameroon: Evidence from the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve in Southwest Cameroon”. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8,(9), 2015.

            Betombo Jenkins Diomo, “Rural Women in Agricultural Food Crop Production in Bombe Bakundu, 1982-2012”. Unpublished Long Essay, University Of Buea, 2015.